Heat Pump Pathways: Strategies for Accelerating Residential Electrification in Massachusetts

First name: 
Samantha
Last name: 
Friborg
Class Year: 
2023
Advisor: 
Robert Klee
Essay Abstract: 
Massachusetts’ commitment to achieve net zero greenhouse-gas emission by 2050 will require substantial efforts to decarbonize building sector emissions. Heat pumps are an integral part of residential building electrification efforts. The state has set a benchmark for the installation of heat pumps in 80% of homes by mid-century, amounting to an annual target of 100,000 installations. In 2021, only 7,100 heat pumps were deployed, falling dramatically short of the yearly goal. This paper aims to explore the gap between the state’s commitment to electrification via heat pumps and the current reality. Contextual analysis of the policy landscape of Massachusetts’ various energy and electrification initiatives is provided. Potential barriers to accelerated heat pump deployment, including lack of awareness, high upfront costs, natural gas lock-in, and lack of sufficient workforce development are discussed. Solutions modeled after successful European examples are explored. Finally, investments in grid updates and improvements are suggested as strategies to meet the increased energy demand stemming from widescale electrification. Overall, heat pump adoption will accelerate residential electrification in Massachusetts, allowing the state to reach their ambitious 2050 climate goals but the state must significantly expand acceleration efforts.